An introduction to Miramichi: its history, the Nations whose lands it sits on, and Indigenous community life today, with sources.
Indigenous history of Miramichi
Two Mi’kmaq communities, Natoaganeg and Metepenagiag, sit upriver close to the city. The Mi’kmaq have lived along the Miramichi for thousands of years. Evidence there shows more than 3,000 years of Mi’kmaq life. His son Richard later counted about 500 Indigenous residents alongside the French. In 1761, Miramichi Mi’kmaq signed a Peace and Friendship Treaty with Britain. Such treaties had no land transfer provisions.
Treaty and territory
Miramichi is in Mi’kma’ki, the unceded homeland of the Mi’kmaq, covered by the Peace and Friendship Treaties. Miramichi Mi’kmaq signed a treaty with the British in 1761, and those treaties did not transfer land.
Nearby: Natoaganeg First Nation (Eel Ground) · Metepenagiag Mi'kmaq Nation (Red Bank) · Esgenoôpetitj First Nation (Burnt Church) · Neguac · Kouchibouguac National Park · Rexton
Indigenous Miramichi today
Three Mi'kmaq First Nations sit along the river and bay. Natoaganeg, also called Eel Ground, lies next to the city where the Northwest and Southwest branches meet. The British recognized it in 1783, and it had 977 residents in 2012. Its Chief and eleven councillors lead the community. Metepenagiag, or Red Bank, runs the Metepenagiag Heritage Park. The park shares the story of its two national historic sites with visitors and residents. More than 100 other archaeological sites have been found in the community since 1975. Esgenoôpetitj, or Burnt Church, lies on Miramichi Bay. Its reserve was set out in 1805, when it was the largest Mi'kmaq settlement in New Brunswick. Members have fought hard for their lobster fishing rights. That struggle followed the 1999 Marshall decision, which found that treaty fishing and hunting rights had never been extinguished. The Peace and Friendship Treaties remain the foundation of Mi'kmaq rights here. Because the treaties did not cede land, Indigenous nations have filed Aboriginal title claims that together cover all of New Brunswick.
More on the region: Indigenous New Brunswick · all of Canada.