An introduction to Sydney: its history, the Nations whose lands it sits on, and Indigenous community life today, with sources.
Indigenous history of Sydney
Cape Breton University stands on the outskirts of the city, and its Unama’ki College offers Mi’kmaq Studies and Integrative Science and has graduated more than 1,000 Indigenous students. Membertou First Nation borders Sydney; its residents were forced to relocate from the Kings Road Reserve on Sydney Harbour in the early twentieth century, and the community now runs a convention centre and a sports and wellness centre. Cape Breton Island is Unama’ki, one of the seven districts of Mi’gma’gi, the Mi’kmaq homeland. The Mi’kmaq Grand Council, or Sante’ Mawio’mi, governed before Europeans arrived and still brings representatives together today. The Mi’kmaq signed treaties with the British in 1726, 1749, 1752 and 1760–61. These became known as the Peace and Friendship Treaties. In 1999 the Supreme Court’s Marshall decision affirmed a Mi’kmaq right to a moderate livelihood from hunting and fishing, based on the 1760–61 treaties.
Treaty and territory
Sydney is in Unama’ki, part of Mi’kma’ki, the ancestral and unceded territory of the Mi’kmaq, covered by the Peace and Friendship Treaties. Membertou First Nation is within the city.
Nearby: Membertou First Nation · Eskasoni First Nation · Glace Bay · North Sydney
Indigenous Sydney today
The Canadian Encyclopedia reports 13 Mi’kmaq nations in Nova Scotia, with 19,157 registered members as of January 2024. About 9,000 people spoke Mi’kmaw in 2021, up from around 6,000 in 1970. Since October 1, 1986, Treaty Day has marked the Peace and Friendship Treaties each year. Membertou calls itself an urban and progressive Mi’kmaq community on Unama’ki. It is led by a Chief and twelve councillors. Its development corporation, incorporated in 1989, drives business growth, and Membertou has been named one of Canada’s Best Managed Companies. Membertou Heritage Park offers guided tours, workshops, archives and community stories. Eskasoni describes itself as a leader in self-governance and cultural preservation, and it greets visitors in Mi’kmaw. At Cape Breton University, Unama’ki College has supported Indigenous education for almost 50 years. It has Mi’kmaw-speaking faculty and staff, and it delivers courses in Mi’kmaw communities. Its Elmitek Pathway Program was built with local communities to open doors for high school and mature learners. Its student spaces include study pods, kitchenettes and room for language learning and ceremonies.
More on the region: Indigenous Nova Scotia · all of Canada.